Reviewing Black Boy By Richard Wright English Literature Essay

Reviewing Black Boy By Richard Wright English Literature Essay Black Boy is an autobiography written by Richard Wright, an African-American who lived in the South during the Great depression. Richard is a young black man who encounters the horrors of the dominant white South and faces a crisis in his life in which he does not connect with the world around him. Throughout the autobiography, Richard has an itching fear biting at him that propels him to overcome the boundaries set upon him and allows him to find his own identity. The fear that Richard faces relates with his physical hunger, which is a symbol for all the suffering that he endures throughout his daily life. His fear also relates with his thriving hunger for knowledge. The overwhelming feeling of fear eventually thrusts Richard to stop his idleness and to take action. Richards hunger for knowledge and for achieving a connection with the world around him, serves as his escape from his fears, allowing him to accept the physical suffering and finally giving him the courage and strength t o find his own identity. At just four years old, Richard Wright is living at his grandparents house in Mississippi. Richard decides to toy with a broom; removing the strays from it and watching them burn. Being just another curious kid, Richard wonders what it will look like if he burned the curtains in the living room. He sets the curtains on fire and although he marvels at the sight, he realizes that the fire is beyond his control and he runs out of the room. He hides under the house in hope that he would not be found and in turn not be punished for his actions. Despite his pleads to be left alone, Richards father Nathan retrieves him from under the burning house. His mother, Ella, is furious and beats him until he loses consciousness. He retreats into an extreme fever for about a week. After Richard recovers, his family moves to Memphis, Tennessee where his father finds work in a drugstore during the nighttime. One day, Richard finds a stray kitten that is so noisy it wakes Nathan who screams for Richard to kill the cat. Richard literally does that, knowing that his father did not actually mean it. Ella punishes Richard by making him dig a grave and bury the kitten. Soon after, Nathan deserts the family and leaves them without any money and in turn, without any food. This is the first case of physical hunger in Richard Wrights autobiography. For the first time in his life, Richard is scared that he wont be able to satisfy his hunger. However, the hunger that arises in Richard is not the hunger that he feels physically without food, but the hunger to adapt to his surroundings and communicate with them. Hunger stole upon me so slowly that at first I was not aware of what hunger really meant. Hunger had always been more or less at my elbow when I played, but now I began to wake up at night to find hunger standing at my bedside, staring at me gauntly. The hunger I had known before this had been no grim, hostile stranger; it had been an normal hunger that made me beg constantly for breadà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦But this new hunger baffled me, scared me, made me angry and insistent (16). The hunger that hung over Richard made him begin to question. He begins to question everything. He does not understand a massive amount of things, but at a young age he already has experienced so much. Since Richard Wright is writing this auto biography from a much later time, he is reflecting back on how he felt at this particular moment. The four year old Richard is no more than a mere child, however at that age he already has a desire for a variety of things. He states that he has a strong desire for food which can be satisfied temporarily, but what is not seen is Richards desire to have the ability to interact with his surroundings. Even at this age and later on in his life, Richard is unable to interact with his family and with society because he is refusing to do what they want him to do. Richard rebels and rebelling is his way of showing that he will not submit and that his self-pride and unique identity is extremely important to him. Richard first experiences his hunger for knowledge when a schoolteacher named Ella, moves in. She rents a room at Richards grandmothers house. One day, Richard stumbles upon Ella reading a book and he persuades her to read the book to him. The book, Bluebeard and his Seven Wives, is a novel filled with violence and murder and it utterly mystifies Richard. He is in a trance as Ella reads the beautiful flowing words to him. However, Ella is interrupted by Richards grandmother before she could finish. Richards grandmother firmly believes that fictional stories are on the same level as sins and lies. She opposes since she has an extreme hatred towards fiction which she calls the devils work. When Richard protests and argues against his grandmother he is ignored and she storms off leaving Richard alone. This experience sparks persistence in Richard that remains with him throughout the rest of his life. His hunger for intellectual knowledge pushes him to break free of his grandmothers bond s and to pursue knowledge against all costs. I hungered for the sharp, frightening, breathtaking, almost painful excitement that the story had given me, and I vowed that as soon as I was old enough I would buy all the novels there were and read them to feed that thirstà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I had tasted what to me was life, and I would have more of it, somehow, someway (46-47). Richard has a first experience with reading. This experience sparks a determination in which he states he would have more of it, somehow, someway (47). Richards first experience with physical hunger gave him a reason to question. Richards first experience with intellectual hunger pushes him to take that extra step forward. In this, it is easy to conclude that even at a very early stage in Richards mental and physical development he has come to his own self-imposed conclusion that his intellectual hunger must be nursed first. Reading becomes Richards first passion and allows him to survive. It gives him the push that he needs to break free of the boundaries set on him by his family as well as those of the society of the South, in order to further establish his identity. Ella eventually moves out of the house as Richards grandmother is convinced Ella is the sole reason for Richards seemingly devil-like behavior. Richards mother also named Ella and her two sons begin to travel towards Arkansas where Richards Aunt Maggie and her husband live. However, when Hoskins, Aunt Maggies husband is murdered, they are forced to flee back to Grannys house. Soon after though, Ella begins to consider Grannys religious routines as a nuisance and she, her boys, and Aunt Maggie move out once again. In the meantime, Maggie begins to date a man named Professor Matthews, who they find out, is hiding from the police. After Professor Matthews commits a crime involving the death of a woman, he and Aunt Maggie go north to escape trouble. Richards family begins once again to have a lack of money due to the absence of Aunt Maggies income. Richard eventually becomes so hungry he tries to sell his poodle for a dollar. A white woman offers Richard ninety-seven cents but he refuses and a week later the poodle is struck and killed leaving Richard with nothing. Richard begins to nurture his own self-being, but only after he begins to question himself. Richard has questioned his surroundings in the past, primarily regarding his lasting hunger for food, but he has never questioned himself about anything. By taking a step forward and beginning to look inside of himself for the answers that he so truly desires, Richard is able to grow a strong personality and a strong willpower that leads him to a wider separation from the black community and a closer connection to his identity. Anything seemed possible, likely, feasible, because I wanted everything to be possibleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Because I had no power to make things happen outside of me in the objective world, I made things happen within. Because my environment was bare and bleak, I endowed it with unlimited potentialities, redeemed it for the sake of my own hungry and cloudy yearning (85). Richard understands that the oppression that is happening to him and to the black community cannot be helped. He realizes that, although he can fight, it would be pointless. Instead of physically fighting, he resorts to searching himself for the answers. He still continues to question ceaselessly, but instead of asking why something is happening or why he should not do something he begins to question how. The fear and the hunger no longer hold him back. In actuality, they now push him forward and enhance his learning process. Richard develops a keen sense of unique personality that no one else he knows seems to have. He senses that he is beginning to drift away from his family, from the community that he so desirably wanted to fit in with, and with the Jim Crow south. By acknowledging this fact and even accepting it, Richard furthermore nurtures his true identity and begins to close in on what he wants to do in his life. Richard has just begun to read and he has already read many novels by a whole slew of different people. Reading was an absolute pleasure to Richard. He would stay in his rented room at night with a can of pork and beans and read. He continued to forge more and more notes and so his trips to the library became more and more frequent. Richard gave in to the magical land of reading without a fight. He does not resist it; he simply lets it seep in. One day, Richard decides that he would try to write once again. He had done it before; he should be able to do it again. Yet, the words are held from him. The ability to write, the ability to sense that thrilling feeling once again, is kept from him. At this point, Richard reminisces back at his childhood and regrets that he did not discover his own personality earlier, his identity that distinguished himself from the black community until now. I had once tried to write, had once reveled in feeling, had let my crude imagination roam, but the impulse to dream had been slowly beaten out of me by experience. Now it surged up again and I hungered for books new ways of looking and seeingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ it seemed a task impossible of achievement. I now knew what being a Negro meant. I could endure the hunger. I had learned to live with hate. But to feel that there were feelings denied me, that the very breath of life itself was beyond my reach, that more than anything else hurt, wounded me. I had a new hunger (294-296). Richard compares his hunger to write, to his physical hunger. During Richards childhood and growing up, he learned to deal with his hunger no matter how bleak it seemed. He went through days without a sufficient meal and it really hurt his physical growth. His desire for food however, was overshadowed early in his life by his hunger for knowledge. Richard has a stronger hunger for knowledge because he has an immense hunger to become unique, to extend beyond expectations and to just be himself. The hunger that he encounters physically will never equal his hunger for knowledge because he understands that it could not be helped during his childhood. He dealt with it because he knew that he had to. It happened everywhere, many black people were starving and Richard was no different in that way. Yet, in other senses Richard was different. He questioned, he asked, but he never truly pursued a life goal until now. There was a point in his life where he wrote but to his dissatisfaction the a bility to speak through words was not present in his mind. He hungers to find them once again, because by finding them, he can find himself. Towards the end of the first part of Richards autobiography, he finally realizes what he wants to do with the rest of his life and he finds out who he truly is on the inside. Through all of the physical pains that he suffered, all the horrors of the oppressing white south that he endured, and all the abuse and poverty, he was able to stand strong and slowly grow into who he was destined to become. Richard discovers his place in the world and he discovers his identity. He has an opinion and it is worth something. Richard is not just simply a black man living in a white supremacist world. He uses his voice and he uses the power of words to fight for everything that he believes in and to fight against the white south and the racism that is shown everywhere. Just like H.L. Mencken Richard plans on using words to fight. He knows that physical fighting will not get him anywhere, but maybe just maybe, the power of words would stun people just like they had stunned him in the past. He could use his life, he could use everything that he gained, and he could use his never-ending hunger to change the world for the greater good. At last, Richards life achieved a purpose. He finally has something to live for, something that he desired more than anything else and above all something that made him feel happy and at peace with the rest of the world.

Hewlett Packard – Review

Hewlett Packard was founded in 1939, and has continually thrived from year to year, growing to over 50 operations worldwide presently. Around 1990 things began to change. They ran into issues they had to contend with, such as the need to find the best way to satisfy customer needs in terms of product availability. They also needed to get agreement among the various parties in the supply chain. Their inventory management plans were synchronized. In the U.S. and Western Europe the market for printers was becoming mature, although it was still developing in Eastern Europe and the Asia-Pacific region. In addition, they needed to assess which particular printer market they wanted to target, so as to maximize profits and value to shareholders. Currently, the market consisted of 40% impact/dot matrix, 40% laser printers, and 20% inkjet printers. With dot matrix printers starting to become outdated and expected market share to drop 10% within the next few years, laser and inkjet printers would be the best alternative for HP to focus on. The key issue that Hewlett Packard will have to deal with, however, will be identifying the level of safety stock needed at their distribution centers and finding the lowest cost way to supply this amount. Problem Recognition: There is an assortment of problems that have contributed to Hewlett Packard's inventory/service crisis. One of these problems was a result of the considerable lead time in shipping out to Europe and Asia. Having a lead time of 4 to 5 weeks makes it extremely arduous for companies whom have a JIT system put into place. When you wish to have inventory levels of 0, but have long lead times, problems are bound to occur. Another issue arising is HP's system of inventory assessment. Currently they are devising a new system of safety stock analysis, because their old system was based on heuristics, and was not fully effective for the company. Due to the increasing difficulty of obtaining accurate forecasts, HP's safety stock analysis will probably have to be revisited. It is their choice of inventory carrying costs to be used in the safety stock analysis which is the one issue that continuously comes up. Some estimates start at 12% which comes from their cost of debt plus some warehousing expenses, whereas others are at 60%, which is based on the ROI expected of new product developments. Management must be able to determine that percentage that more accurately reflects the true cost of holding inventory. Demand uncertainties, while more controlled then past years, could have also exacerbated to the inventory/service crisis. There were three areas of concern to be addressed in this sector. The first dealt with delivery of incoming materials; whether the parts/products shipped come on time, and if the actual order was filled correctly with the right parts. Internal process uncertainties, such as process yields and machine downtimes, were another issue HP had to look over carefully. Finally, the final end demand varied too much for forecasting to be accurate enough. This issue complicates the choice of safety stock levels since they are ultimately based on expected demand. This creates what is known as the bull-whip effect. Essentially the bull-whip increases variability at various levels of the SC making efforts to integrate efforts difficult. There are four key aspects of the bull-whip effect that HP must take into consideration: demand forecast updating, order batching, price fluctuations, and rationing and shortage gaming. These are the four major causes of bull-whip that must first be understood, so that we can counteract the effect. The waterway distribution system could also be a potential problem for the company. Our analysis determines maximum air freight that is acceptable under different inventory holding cost assumptions. As aforementioned, there are quite a few issues which could have caused an inventory/service crisis within Hewlett Packard. Some issues, like the safety stock analysis problem are more likely to cause the crisis; however, it is most likely that a combination of all these factors contributed to the overall problem. Each issue must be examined so that some of the potential problems can be filtered out, and the real issue can be known and figured out according to HP's policies and objectives. Alternative courses of action: There are three courses of action that could be implemented in an attempt to rectify the problem with satisfying demand for printers in the global economy with minimal inventory and stock out costs. The first alternative is the base case scenario. This scenario consists of HP's normal distribution strategy, which consists of one main manufacturing plant in Vancouver who assembles everything on the printers and localizes it according to its destination. The means for distribution is by sea. The second alternative is an air freight scenario which will utilize the airline industry in HP's shipments to Europe. This approach reduces lead time from 4.5 weeks in the base case scenario to 1 week. All of the manufacturing and processing still occurs in the Vancouver plant. The third alternative is a generic European model to be assembled-to-order in the European DC. This approach will produce a generic product in the Vancouver facility and then ship the unfinished product to the European DC's where the final assembling and localizing will occur. We have three basic assumptions. First, lead time for the base case scenario will be 4.5 weeks. Second, air freight will create a lead time of 1 week; this includes actual transportation, customs clearing time, and other miscellaneous events. Third, the majority of the holding cost will be in generic European option. The calculations for all types of printers in the European market are located in Appendices 2-4. To evaluate these three approaches, we consider holding cost for the safety stock. When comparing these costs between the three approaches for both the best case scenario of 12% inventory holding costs we get $442,300, $626,254, and $847,412, for air freight scenario, generic European model to be assembled-to-order, and base case scenario respectively. The costs for the worst case scenario of 60% inventory holding costs are $2,211,500, $3,131,272, and $4,237,062, for air freight scenario, generic European model to be assembled-to-order, and base case scenario respectively. Necessary Supply Chain Changes: The primary change that should be made in the supply chain management in order to implement the generic product option would be to move the finalization of the product to its respective distribution center. Due to the long shipping times involved, the factory should engineer and manufacture a base assembly at the Vancouver facility and ship them to the distribution centers abroad. At these distribution centers an inventory of localizing and finishing parts will exist; therefore, the base product can then be localized and finished at the respective distribution center according to demand patterns at that time. Since inventory is generic, one DC can ship the generic product to another DC which can be finalized and localized quickly to satisfy the current demand to hedge the risk of stock outs in the higher demand regions. The result is that the total safety stock required at the DC is reduced by a factor of n1/2, where n is the number of different SKU's for which the customization is being postponed. Marketing and sales figures can then be created more accurately, and seasonal trends can be compensated for more easily. This would aid in the forecasting of demand to determine how to allocate the scarce resources to maximize profitability. Having the flexibility to better meet the changing demand of different markets should cut down on lost revenue due to stock outs. Also, the required safety stock for the distribution center will be reduced, which should cut back on inventory and holding costs. Even though these costs do not show up on the income statement, these are real costs and need to be addressed and minimized. Recommendations and Evaluations and Conclusion: There are a variety of different options that Hewlett Packard could use to help smooth out their supply chain. The first is air shipment. While it may provide a faster route to move the products, the big problem with air freight is that is expensive to use. Looking at appendix 5, if air freight costs per unit are less than $2.04 (assuming inventory holding cost of 12%) then the air freight is preferable to sea. The air freight costs per unit are less than $10.19 (assuming inventory holding cost of 60%) then the air freight is preferable to sea. The next option would be to have a European factory actually producing parts and products. This would reduce the extensive lead times that are associated with shipping out of Vancouver. The other side to this situation is that with a new manufacturing factory in Europe, the concern would be that there is not sufficient volume to necessitate the need for an additional plant. Of course, Hewlett-Packard could also always use a better forecasting method to determine demands and safety stocks needed. Obviously it has become a present problem for the company, and while they are attempting to create a method to forecast better, they are not sure they can come up with a truly effective method that would erase the uncertainties associated with demand. Because this is a difficulty, our cost allocation assumes that demand is such that the safety stock level is constant over the year. Safety stock represents the inventory level above and beyond expected demand, so assuming a constant safety stock seems reasonable. On the flip side of a better forecasting method, you could also simply increase levels of inventory to ensure product demand is met. However, this is more of a nearsighted approach as this will just lead to increased holding costs and overall inventory costs. Hewlett-Packard could also introduce a system of more localized distribution centers. The cost savings associated with this are hard to determine though. While you may reduce inventory and holding costs, the expenses incurred to have localized distribution centers built and maintained could very well outweigh the benefits received. If we were Brent Cartier, we would definitely recommend that we use the air freight alternative. This was determined by comparing the numbers seen in Appendix 5. If we take a look, if the amount of air freight per unit exceeds the cost of shipping by sea per unit by less then $2.04, then airfreight will be more cost efficient. The $2.04 essentially represents differences in holding cost per unit, which is why we analyze this difference. It is important to realize however, that this is based upon a 12% inventory holding cost. If we were to base it upon 60% inventory carrying costs, the difference would be equal to $10.19. We would have to show the board of directors the calculations derived in determining the above numbers so that air freight will sell itself. The numbers speak for themselves, and the board of directors should clearly be able to see this noticeable advantage.

The Number One Question You Must Ask for Writing Papers for College Students

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New Hedonism in The Picture of Dorian Gray - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1000 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/05/13 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Picture of Dorian Gray Essay Did you like this example? In the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde, Dorian Gray undertakes a life of new hedonism after it is espoused by Lord Henry Wotton (Wilde 94). This new hedonism values pleasure and beauty above all else and drives Dorians desire to stay youthful and beautiful forever. Dorian Grays pursuit of the hedonistic lifestyle brings harm to those around him, as it promotes the idea of living solely for oneself and ones own pleasure. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "New Hedonism in The Picture of Dorian Gray" essay for you Create order While the tenets of this philosophy do not inherently cause destruction, it is the only possible result of coupling new hedonism with Dorian Grays personality and beliefs. Gray was temporarily saved from consequences of his actions and having to confront what he was becoming due to the painting bearing the hideousness of his sins, in turn letting his hedonistic lifestyle continue without the limits of conscience. As a result of Dorian Grays shallow beliefs and temporary absolution of his sins due to the painting, he could not have pursued a life following the philosophical principles of new hedonism without the negative ramifications. A main factor contributing to the destructive nature of Dorian Grays hedonistic lifestyle is that it was driven by his beliefs grounded in aestheticism or art for arts sake. This philosophy is endorsed heavily by Lord Henry, in that he says Beauty is a form of genius is higher, indeed, than genius, as it needs no explanation (Wilde 93). Dorian Gray is greatly influenced by Lord Henrys ideas and subsequently begins to believe that retaining his youth and beauty is all important, Lord Henry is perfectly right. Youth is the only thing worth having (Wilde 100). Dorian Grays new motivation is expertly shown when he becomes jealous of the painting of himself as why should it keep what I must lose? (Wilde 100). Therefore, Dorians pursuit in his new hedonistic lifestyle is beauty and the pleasure from beauty, ultimately causing pain to others. This suffering he inflicts onto others is shown through Dorian Grays shallow relationship with actress Sibyl Vane. Though engaged, Dorians love for her is based entirely on her looks and talent as an actress, her art. However, when she decides she cannot act anymore because Dorian is more to me than all art can ever be, Dorian rejects her. (Wilde 196). Due to his aestheticism, Dorian cannot understand her underlying motives and only sees her now ugly art. The destructive nature of aestheticism coupled with hedonism comes through when Dorian rejects her and says without your art, you are nothing, consequently resulting in her suicide (Wilde 197). Dorian Grays shallow wish to be youthful and beautiful forever while his portrait ages escalates Grays hedonistic lifestyle to extreme heights in turn increasing the destruction and pain wrought on himself and others. As a result of the portrait becoming representative of the corruption of Dorians soul while he himself remains unmarred and beautiful, it effectively hides his sins. Dorian even hides his sins from himself, as he drew a large screen right in front of the portrait, shuddering as he glanced at it (Wilde 205). Through this Dorian never has to confront himself or his actions and can temporarily escape consequences leading to the destructiveness of his hedonism to be unchecked and uncontrolled by conscience. Since Dorian and many others at the time saw external beauty as a reflection of the soul, Dorian is able to get away with countless misdemeanors as his portrait bears the ugliness of his sins for him. Basil tells Dorian that, with your bright, innocent face, and untrou bled youth- I cant believe anything against you (Wilde 294). This is especially ironic as Dorian shortly thereafter murders Basil after showing him the portrait, expertly showing just how destructive Dorian has and can become, on his pursuit for pleasure, due to the portrait bearing his sins for him. Dorians external self not reflecting his sins leads Dorian to not be able to accept blame and responsibility for those same sins. Dorian believes it was the portrait that had done everything and writes off things such as Alan Campbells suicide as being entirely his [Campbells] own act (Wilde 408). Basils murder at the hands of Dorian Gray expertly expounds this idea, because he felt as though it had been suggested to him by the image on the canvas (Wilde 307). Through this Dorian personifies the portrait into a living being for him to project all his sins onto while, he believes, remaining blameless himself. Due to his unwillingness to accept responsibility, Dorian therefore, cannot tr uly change his ways or be forgiven leading to only further escalations of debauchery and pain perpetrated against not only others but himself as he further corrupts his own soul. Dorian Grays desperate avoidance of sacrificing any experience and his desire to remain a paragon of beauty, as he lived a life of hedonism, had disastrous consequences on himself and those around him. The intention of Grays life of debauchery was to be experience itself and to pursue pleasure at all costs while experiencing all that life has to offer. (Wilde 265 ). However, due to his aestheticism and shallow nature, where he lived a life in search of beauty without regard for morals, he actually caused harm to those around him and his own soul, leading to his eventual downfall. His soul, because it was represented by the painting, was hidden away, allowing the dissociation of his physical self from his soul. Because of this, Dorian was not forced to confront its hideousness and sinful nature until it was too late, all the while living a life of destruction and debauchery. Through the hideous acts of the beautiful Dorian Gray Oscar Wilde, who was a prominent follower of aestheticism , explores the idea that beauty is art for arts sake in that there is no underlying meaning. Dorian Grays beauty was not reflective of his corrupted and hideous soul implying that external beauty should not be equated with goodness or any other hidden moral as beauty has no other reason or cause than to be beautiful.