Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Dispute

Cold National Wildlife Refuge, or ANWR, is a shelter intended for saving national untamed life in northeastern Alaska. ANWR is around 19 million sections of land, in space, and contains a potential boring spot for oil and oil. The potential penetrating spot is a little zone known as the 10-02 Area. It is just 1. 5 million sections of land, or 8%, of ANWR, would even be considered for advancement (What is ANWR). The debate encompassing ANWR is whether to bore or not to bore into the 10-02 zone. A few people need to safeguard the wild and to discover more eco-friendly technologies.Others need to bring down gas costs and to make more openings for work. On the off chance that the administration chooses to penetrate for oil, it might prompt around 17 billion barrels of oil, to last the United States for the following 20 years. As indicated by the authority ANWR site, Prudhoe Bay is found 60 miles west of ANWR and has created around 10 billion barrels of oil in the previous 20 years. It is as of now creating around 1. 4 million barrels every day, except is gradually declining; this incites the requirement for another source. The northeastern piece of ANWR is America’s best open door in finding another oil and gas field the size of Prudhoe Bay.The beach front plain of ANWR could create up to 1. 5 million barrels of oil a day and would spare the U. S. $14 billion every year in imports (Making the Case). 75% of Alaskans need to bore in the assigned ANWR region, 10-02. They feel that it might assuage Americans of their outside reliance for imported oil and oil. The United States right now spends up to $330 billion on outside oil imports, excluding the cash used to ensure and procure it. The complete region of area10-02 just adds up to 8% of ANWR’s absolute territory, which is 1. million sections of land. Out of the 1. 5 million sections of land considered for improvement, just 2,000 sections of land of the Coastal Plain would really be influenced, which is not exactly 50% of one percent (Top Ten). Penetrating in ANWR would likewise make somewhere in the range of 250,000 to 750,000 openings for work, just as a chance to better the economy. Boring in ANWR additionally has no effect on untamed life. This can be demonstrated by the way that the Central Arctic Caribou Herd that relocates through Prudhoe Bay has developed from 3,000 to its present populace of around 32,000 solid caribou.The aggregate sum of oil that is normal from ANWR gauges from 9 to 16 billion barrels (Making the Case). There is likewise an underside to boring in ANWR. Despite the fact that it would extensively bring down gas costs, it would take around ten years for the oil to really arrive at the commercial center. Clara Tsang contends that as opposed to boring in ANWR, the administration should deliver more vitality proficient advances. She additionally expresses that during the pinnacle of boring, just 876,000 barrels of oil will be created a day. That isn't sufficie nt oil to fundamentally lessen world oil prices.She states that the 2000 sections of land assigned for boring, Area 10-02, just records for where the genuine hardware will be, excluding the territories of the oil supplies. Finally, Tsang contends the decimation of good and profound justification for preserving a spot for reflection and motivation (Tsang). On the official site for the Defenders of Wildlife, it expresses that we shouldn’t industrialize a characteristic fortune (Arctic National). It likewise expresses that if penetrating became unavoidable that pulverize the beach front plain of the Beaufort Sea, the most touchy region of the whole refuge.They have faith in protecting the national wildlife’s natural surroundings, rather than messing with an ice, subarctic and boreal biological system (Wildlife Impacts). As indicated by the ANWR official site, Louisiana can be significantly influenced by penetrating in ANWR. It would make roughly 14,800 employments in modu le and office development, investigation, and creation building. It additionally expresses that Louisiana has just been significantly influenced by Prudhoe Bay. Since 1980, Louisiana has spent nearly $400 million in Prudhoe Bay. Additionally, more than 850 Louisiana merchants are working together in Alaskan oil fields.An model is the Prudhoe Bay gas extension module GHX-2, delivered in New Iberia, in 1994 (What Development). Penetrating in ANWR could incredibly profit the United States. It could support the economy, decline outside oil exchange, lower oil costs worldwide and make around 750,000 occupations, all through the United States. Then again it could demolish biological systems and mess with wildlife’s living spaces, for a not exactly critical measure of oil. Whichever way a choice must be made. Prudhoe Bay is consistently declining. The inquiry is whether the administration needs to ontinue following through on the significant expense of imported products or drill at ANWR and conceivably ruin delicate and environmentally touchy ecosystems.Works Cited â€Å"Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. † Defenders. organization. 2008. Safeguards of Wildlife. 19 Oct. 2008. . â€Å"Making the Case for ANWR†. ANWR. organization 2008. Outskirts Communications. 19 Oct. 2008. < http://www. anwr. organization/Background/Making-the-Case-for-ANWR. php>. â€Å"Top Ten Reasons to Support ANWR Development. † ANWR. organization 2008. Boondocks Communications. 19 Oct. 2008. < http://www. anwr. rg/ANWR-Basics/Top-ten-motivations to-bolster ANWR-improvement. php>. Tsang, Clara. â€Å"Arguments Against Drilling in ANWR. † 19 Oct. 2008. . â€Å"What Development of Alaska’s Arctic Coastal Plain Means to Louisiana. † ANWR. organization 2008. Boondocks Communications. 19 Oct. 2008. . â€Å"What is ANWR and Where right? † ANWR. organization 2008. Outskirts Communications. 19 Oct. 2008. < http://www . anwr. organization/ANWR-Basics/What-is-ANWR-and-where-is-it. php>. â€Å"Wildlife Impacts from Oil Drilling in the Refuge. † Defenders. organization. 2008. Safeguards of Wildlife. 19 Oct. 2008. .

Economic Causes of Poverty Essay Example for Free

Monetary Causes of Poverty Essay Neediness is the hardship of necessities that that decide the personal satisfaction. These necessities includes the essential human needs and better instruction which legitimately impacts the sort of work and pay earned and empower one to battle destitution. In October 2008 World Bank amended the neediness line to 1. 25 US dollar for each day from 1 US dollar for every day. After modification of the neediness line measure, an expected 1. 4 billion individuals were found to live at this destitution line or beneath (Otlin, 2008). There is an upward neediness pattern; for example in 2004, 984 million individuals were living on or underneath the line of measure I. e. 1 US dollar while in 1981, 1. 9 million were living on or beneath the neediness line (Weaver Park, 2007). Among different reasons for destitution, monetary causes which incorporate capital flight, joblessness, low salary, out of line property laws and unjustifiable exchange has truly made neediness lightening in creating nations a confounded issue regardless of the endeavors of these nations to battle against destitution. Fast progression of cash outside a nation or some other resources normally known as capital flight is a significant monetary reason for destitution. As a rule the development is because of shakiness and diminished returns. Financial specialists move their cash starting with one venture then onto the next, either inside a similar nation or to an alternate nation to stay away from high swelling and quest for strength and expanded returns. Capital flight is for the most part seen in a nation with cash flimsiness and once in a while the surges are serious consequently influencing the entire money related arrangement of the nation (Epstein, 2005). The loss of certainty and degrading of the influenced nation loads the residents and their properties lose the ostensible worth. This hotels to decreased buying intensity of advantages of a nation making it over the top expensive to import merchandise. Because of degrading of the economy’s money, expansion comes in. Therefore, the money unit can just buy less merchandise in this way quickening neediness. Capital flight likewise hampers venture which may decrease financial development of the creating economies. Joblessness is another financial reason for neediness. It ordinarily happens when one is prepared and ready to work however there is no work for him/her. The insufficiencies of essential human needs and better instruction are ordinarily as consequence of un-business. A nation where there is a higher pace of joblessness, the Growth Domestic Product (GDP) is low since a great many people are not working. Agreeing Epstein (2005), joblessness is an essential driver of worldly destitution. The second individuals land position, they supplement their wages and in this way lessen neediness levels. Sounder further says that destitution increments with increment in joblessness length. Individuals without occupations can be having ability which can improve creation, however since they have not been utilized, their aptitudes may not be used. This can result is low profitability in the nation. In different cases, un-work can be a social expense to the general public. Issues like violations, fear based oppression and medication misuse which might be because of destitution, underestimation and joblessness are exorbitant to kill. Cash which can be utilized to lighten the expectations for everyday comforts is utilized for battling wrongdoings. Joblessness brings salary imbalance which augments the hole between the rich and poor people. Winefield (2002), brings up that joblessness prompts delay in experience gain which diminishes efficiency. Also, in nations which give quest for new employment stipend, the administration use goes high since more individuals are qualified for these recompenses. This can constrain the administration to diminish cash given to other vital divisions for instance horticultural segment which can be a wellspring of vocation to the country’s populace. Duties may likewise increment because of high government use coming about to increment in costs of wares. Low pay implies that individuals will have a restricted buying power. Winefield (2002) brings up that, low pay income place individuals close or on at the neediness line. He further contends that, raising the earnings by expanding the wages without excusing their openings for work has verifiably limited destitution rates. As indicated by his exploration discoveries, expanding the lowest pay permitted by law will help lessen destitution levels, anyway negligible. Little family spending plans experience the best effects since they have a constrained buying power. This has encouraged destitution in creating nations. Increments in food costs and a moment steep ascent in farming items is another financial reason for neediness. The ascent in food costs can be credited to expanded interest of staple items, higher vitality costs particularly fuel and power which influences transportation and creation expenses of horticultural items and ranch inputs e. g. manure and pesticides. Food costs may likewise ascend because of absence of elective market outlets for rural item and low yields of grains (Anker, 2006). Rivalry between mechanical business associations is solid and empowered by advertise economies. Be that as it may, out of line property laws by contenders and utilization of vindictive approaches to pick up business mileage e. g. making bogus and direct assault to a contender may frighten off potential financial specialists. On occasion it occurs notwithstanding the way that a set of accepted rules has been set to prepare for this conduct. Unreasonable rivalry which involves all demonstrations and works on during mechanical and business exchanges which are in opposition to legit practices may hamper selling and purchasing of good and administrations. Out of line rivalry may incorporate turmoil caused according to another enterprise’s items or its exercises, demonstrations that are misdirecting for example, bogus ramifications of a competitor’s item, and harming the generosity of the contenders. This may prompt out of line rivalry which causes decrease in offer of products or administrations. In the long run, this will interpret expanded degrees of neediness in the influenced economies due diminished deals, sends out and different misfortunes that may emerge from unjustifiable exchange. All in all, destitution mitigation is an intricate issue to manage. It necessitates that every single pertinent partner dispose of their narrow minded intrigue so they can manage the main drivers of destitution. All reasons for neediness extending from financial, administration, segment and social variables, natural elements, whenever investigated by great administration, straightforwardness in open use, reinforcing of the board limit and improvement of the open assistance conveyance will help in advancing a serious private part condition for advancement and exchange system progression. This can contribute extraordinarily to destitution easing on the planet and particularly in creating nations in Africa, Latin America and East Asia. A reasonable exchange among created and creating nations is principal if the topic of destitution in creating nations is ever to be tended to. For example, interruption of exchange Africa has incredibly influenced the procedure of combination in business. Therefore destitution levels have expanded subverting and bringing down the employments of little scope ranchers and makers just as denying the youngsters their privileges. References: Anker, R. , (2006); Poverty Lines far and wide: A New Methodology and Internationally Comparable Estimates. Global Labor Review Journal, Vol. 145 Epstein, G. A. , (2005); Capital Flight and Capital Controls in Developing Countries. ISBN 184376931X, 9781843769316, Edward Elgar Publishing. Otlin, J. , (2008); The Causes of Poverty: Thinking Critically about a Key Economic Issue. Diary of Social Education, Vol. 72 Weaver, C. Park, S. , (2007); The Role of the World Bank in Poverty Alleviation and Human Development in the Twenty-First Century: An Introduction. Worldwide Governance Journal, Vol. 13 Winefield, A. H, (2002); Unemployment, Underemployment, Occupational Stress and Psychological Well-Being. Australian Journal of Management, Vol. 27

An Overview of Eating Disorder Treatments

An Overview of Eating Disorder Treatments June 25, 2019 More in Eating Disorders Treatment Symptoms Diagnosis Awareness and Prevention If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with an eating disorder, you may be feeling scared and unsure of what to do next. Unlike most other mental disorders, eating disorders have the potential for serious medical consequences. As a result, they are most often treated by a team of professionals. Partly because eating disorders are so complex, knowing where to go for treatment and how to access it can feel overwhelming. Patients with eating disorders may receive treatment in a variety of settings including an outpatient clinic, a hospital setting, or something in between. Knowing more about the aspects of treatmentâ€"including goals, treatment providers, settings for treatment, components of treatment, and payment and compliance issuesâ€"can help you feel a bit more ready to take your first step on the road ahead. What Are the Settings in Which Eating Disorder Treatment Occurs? Because insurance providers frequently dictate what level of treatment they are willing to financially cover, you may not have much of a say over which setting you are treated in (unless you are willing and able to pay for treatment out of pocket). It is common to start with a lower level of treatment and progress to higher levels of care as needed. Additionally, if you do receive more intensive treatment, you will likely be gradually stepped down to progressively lower levels of care as treatment progresses and you improve. This is typically decided by members of the treatment team in conjunction with insurance providers. The different levels from least to most intensive include: Outpatient treatment  typically entails individual, one-hour sessions once or twice a week with each individual provider.Intensive outpatient treatment  (IOP) can be two to three sessions a week, a few hours each time, while you live at home and possibly work or attend school.Partial hospitalization programs  (PHP) are usually held five days a week for six  to 11 hours per day, allowing you to sleep at home.Residential treatment centers  (RTC) provide 24-hour care for those who are medically stable but require supervision.Medical hospitalizations  provide 24-hour care for those who require medical supervision. Among the many advantages of higher levels of care are reduced stress, greater medical oversight, increased safety, emotional support, and  meal support. Who Is on an Eating Disorder Treatment Team? Because eating disorders are mental illnesses, a central member of the treatment team is usually a psychotherapist who may be a psychologist, psychiatrist, social worker, or other licensed counselor. The team will often include a medical doctor, such as a primary care physician or pediatrician, a registered dietitian, and a psychiatrist. A team approach allows for the various aspects of the eating disorder to be managed. Collaboration amongst team members is critical. If you are not in a treatment center, you may have to play a role in assembling your team. It is a good idea to ensure your providers have experience with eating disorders. Sometimes providers will have recommendations for other team members with whom they like to collaborate, which can help you build your team. Goals of Treatment The goals of treatment, according to the Academy for Eating Disorders’ Medical Care Standards Committee (2016), include: Nutritional rehabilitationWeight restoration (where appropriate)Medical stabilization and prevention of serious medical complicationsCessation of binge eating and/or purging behaviorsElimination of disordered eating or ritualistic eating behaviorsImproved body imageRestoration of meal patterns that promote healthReestablishment of social engagement Nutritional Therapy One of the first tasks of recovery is repairing lost weight and health, and normalizing  food intake and behaviors. Nutritional therapy is commonly conducted by a registered dietitian. A dietitian typically assesses your nutritional status, medical needs, and food preferences. He or she also  helps to collaboratively develop a meal plan that provides needed nutrition, as well as exposure to feared foods with the goal of increasing flexibility. Medical Treatment Medical treatment for patients with eating disorders is best handled by a medical doctor with specific training in the treatment of eating disorders, so  potential medical issues related to disordered eating behaviors can be successfully managed. The Academy for Eating Disorders’ Critical Points for Early Recognition and Medical Risk Management in the Care of Individuals with Eating Disorders provides guidelines for medical professionals. Medical treatment commonly includes: Monitoring of vitalsLaboratory tests and weight trackingAdditional testing to assess heart function and bone densityManagement of physical symptoms ranging from gastrointestinal distress to heart problems Psychological Treatments for Eating Disorders The best-studied treatment  for eating disorders is  cognitive-behavioral therapy  (CBT). It has proven effective for adults with  bulimia nervosa,  binge eating disorder,  other specified feeding and eating disorder, and  anorexia nervosa. It  is also sometimes used for older adolescents. In cognitive behavioral therapy, the initial focus is on addressing symptoms and on behavioral change. Elements of CBT treatment commonly include:   Self-monitoring such as keeping a food diaryMeal planningEstablishing regular eatingDisrupting  dangerous behaviors such as dieting, binge eating, and compensatory behaviorsAddressing the over-evaluation of shape and weightChallenging dietary rulesAddressing body imageExposure to forbidden foodsRelapse prevention While CBT is the best treatment for adults, the therapeutic approach that shows the best evidence for the treatment of adolescents with both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa is  family-based treatment  (FBT). Preliminary research and case studies also indicate that FBT is an acceptable approach for young adults.   Family-based treatment is a manualized therapy that is administered in weekly sessions by a psychotherapist who meets with the entire family.  Parents are empowered  to play an active role in the treatment. The adolescent remains in the home and parents provide  meal support  to help normalize eating behaviors. In addition to CBT and FBT, the other forms of psychotherapy that have proven successful (but are less well-studied) in the treatment of eating disorders include the following: Interpersonal therapy  (IPT) for bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorderDialectical behavior therapy  (DBT) for bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorderAcceptance and commitment therapy  (ACT) for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorderIntegrative cognitive-affective therapy  (ICAT) for bulimia nervosaCognitive remediation therapy  (CRT) for anorexia nervosaSpecial supportive clinical management  (SSCM) for chronic anorexia nervosaMindfulness-based eating awareness training  (MB-EAT) for binge eating disorderSelf-help/guided self-help  (based on CBT) for bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder This list, while not exhaustive, does demonstrate that there are a number of psychotherapeutic approaches that have been employed and investigated for the treatment of eating disorders. Find Support With the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs Psychiatric Medication Eating disorders may be the mental health disorders that are offered the least helped  by psychiatric medications. No medication has been shown to be particularly successful in clinical trials for anorexia nervosa.Antidepressants, such as the SSRIs and the anticonvulsant Topiramate, have shown to provide some help in reducing binging and purging in patients with bulimia nervosa.Antidepressantsâ€"primarily selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), the ADHD medication Vyvanse, and Topirimateâ€"have been shown to be helpful for the treatment of binge eating disorder. A psychiatrist (or sometimes a general medical doctor) makes decisions about the prescription of psychiatric medication on a case by case basis. Antidepressants may be prescribed if depression or certain anxiety symptoms are present along with the eating disorder. Usually, medications are used in conjunction with psychotherapy. How to Find Treatment Finding treatment for yourself or a loved on can feel overwhelming. One good place to start is with your general medical provider, internist, or pediatrician. Let them know your concerns and ask for referrals. The National Eating Disorders Association has a confidential, toll-free helpline. You can call and speak to a trained volunteer who can offer support and make referrals. The number is 800-931-2237. Paying for Treatment Treatment for eating disorders can be expensive, but is often covered by medical insurance. Calling your insurance provider and asking about coverage is a recommended step. Keep in mind, however, that insurance companies sometimes deny coverage for eating disorders. Hence, you may need to advocate on your or your loved one’s behalf, especially for the higher levels of care. If you do not have insurance, options are more limited. Several treatment centers and organizations such as Project Heal provide assistance to some. Unfortunately, all too often community mental health centers and public health insurance programs fail to provide treatment and coverage for eating disorders. What If My Loved One Refuses Treatment? It is not uncommon for patients with eating disorders to not believe that they have an eating disorder and to refuse treatment. Please do not let this deter you.  If you are the parent of an adolescent (or young adult who is financially dependent), you should seek treatment on their behalf even if they do not want it. Eating disorders can have very serious consequences and are best treated when addressed early in the illness. Family-based treatment offers families the chance to seek recovery on a child’s behalf. If your loved one is an adult, this can be more complicated. Privacy laws and patients’ rights make it challenging to force an adult into treatment. However, please do not give up on your loved one. Many individuals with eating disorders have recovered because others wanted recovery for them. You may be able to stage an intervention or, in extreme circumstances, obtain a conservatorship or guardianship. Regardless, a great first step is to get more educated. Familiarize yourself with the information in these pages and you will go a long way in helping your loved one. What About Relapses? Unfortunately, relapses are not uncommon. They can be discouraging, but they do not mean that you’ve failed or that you won’t fully recover. They are a normal part of the recovery process and allow you to fine-tune your recovery skills. A Word From Verywell Starting treatment can be difficult and scary for all those involved. Recovery itself can have its ups and downs, and can be quite challenging. It may be helpful to keep focused on the end goal, which is a life free from your eating disorder.

Outlook 2015 For The Ict Sector - 1588 Words

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ICT gained importance in almost all mainstream sectors of economy, this represent a great opportunity by resolving not only host of social issues—providing more efficient management of social infrastructure but also tackling other social issues like education, environment, etc. The long-standing ICT devices were linked to our Smartphones, Tablets, Laptops, etc. But evolution of technology is making ICT as a core of future Smart Cities - Smart transportation, Smart Homes, Smart offices, etc. Also connecting everything with Internet â€Å"Internet of things† isShow MoreRelatedPMI Southern Alberta Case Study987 Words   |  4 Pagesto launch into careers that contain positions such as an economic development officer, liaison officer, community development officer, planning officer and the ability to work within a wide spectrum of organizations in both the private and public sector (SAIT, 2017). 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Problems Associated With Water Pollution - 1402 Words

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Deforestation in the Amazon rainforest Free Essays

In this assignment I will be investigating Deforestation in the Amazon rainforest. I have been given a hypothesis, which I have to agree or disagree with the statement by using the sources and from my own research. The hypothesis I have been given is ‘Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest is a major global environmental issue that only the Brazilian government can solve’. We will write a custom essay sample on Deforestation in the Amazon rainforest or any similar topic only for you Order Now The whole issue is about deforestation, Deforestation is the felling and clearance of the forest land. It began in the Mediterranean lands many centuries ago. Today is mainly taking place in the less economically developed countries that have the tropical rainforests as their natural vegetation. The Amazon rainforest in Brazil is one of the largest rainforest in the world, it contains 50% of the world’s animal population and it produces one third of the world’s oxygen. Pharmatical Company’s across the world use plants from the forest to produce life saving medicines for the people of the world. How and why is the rainforest being cleared ? There are many reasons to why the rainforest is being cleared. One of them is that the Brazilian government has allowed deforestation to take place in the Amazon rainforest is because they are in debt. They have let the Multinational companies deforest the rainforest so that they can raise money to pay off their debt owed to the banks in the MEDC countries. These developments are taking place now in the Amazon rainforest e.g. Commercial logging, cattle ranches, raw materials, mining and e.t.c. when these development takes place large areas of the rainforest has to be cleared out. From my research I found out that only 5% of the forest trees are actually wanted by the loggers but to get those trees they have to damage or destroy 65% of the remaining ones. What groups benefit from deforestation in the Amazon rainforest ? They are many people and groups that benefit from deforestation in the Amazon rainforest. Mostly the MNC’s, they have cleared large areas for cattle ranching. They have burnt down trees and replaced it with grass. Then the beef which is produced from the cattle ranches is gone to Europe and US to be made into burgers. The MNC’s are also involved in logging, which has been permitted only in 13 designated areas. Source E supports my point, it says that â€Å"The USA is the main importer of Brazilian mahogany†. The multinational companies pay tax for every area they felled but they benefit from it because the money goes back to the banks in MEDC countries to pay off their debts. The external debt of Brazil’s is getting lower by letting people and companies fell the trees in the rainforest as you can see in Source G shows a graph of the external debt of Brazil, which shows at the beginning the debt was low and then in the middle it got higher and now its getting lower. This source is consistent with Source J because it tells how the external debt got higher. In the Amazon rainforest large areas are being cleared to make hydro electric PowerStation because it rains a lot in the rainforest so there is unlimited water supply. The HEP stations provide cheap and plentiful energy for transport, domestic use and industry. The mining companies also benefit from it because there are huge deposits of iron ore, copper, gold, bauxite and other minerals in the rainforests. So these companies have felled the trees to build roads through the forest to reach these deposits. What are the negative consequences of deforestation ? Deforestation has many negative consequences globally and locally. The Amazon rainforest in Brazil is responsible for producing one third of the world’s oxygen. Many trees have been felled, which has increased global warming because carbon dioxide is getting higher. Because of the increase of carbon dioxide it has started to destroy the ozone layer, which then lets the harmful rays from the sun reach earth. As you can see source O States how carbon dioxide goes into air and also source P which also shows that America is the largest polluter. Source R also shows us that if there were no trees there won’t be any oxygen, it also shows in the picture the clouds representing pollution. The other consequences are loss of wildlife where birds and insects rely on trees for food and shelter. There is a loss in medicine. It has also killed 96% of the Indians living in the rainforest because of the arrival of the Europeans. Those remaining have been driven from their homes by the constructions of roads, mines, reservoirs, cattle ranches and also forced to live in reservations. Source A talks about the Indians who are dying as development takes place. Their life styles are changing. The felling of the trees has also led to soil erosion by the rain in the rainforest. It rains every half and hour and is led to frequent flooding because there are no trees. All the rich soil which has the humus in it is flowed away by the flooding. After the rain there is a lot of heat given by the sun which bakes the poor soil, which then the areas of the forest which don’t have trees turn into deserts. As it is also stated in source F in the second paragraph that the â€Å"Scientific studies have repeatedly shown that the Amazon soil is not suitable for agriculture and cattle ranching†. The hardwood is also becoming endangered. Source E also shows that the MNC’s buy raw material like mahogany which they know come in illegal areas which they turn the blind eye on purpose. This source also talks about slavery which existed in the rainforest, which was abolished in 1888. People went to complain to the police about this but the police were corrupt and bribed and w ere useless. Government Actions The government is facing great problems now like the debts its facing which is getting higher everyday because of its interests. Brazil is trapped in the cycle of poverty. The government is also involved in causing more global warming and itself has done some deforestation in the rainforest. The other actions the government took was when the cities in the south east were very overcrowded and they reduce this problem by giving these people land in the middle of the rainforest where there wasn’t a good infrastructure. The government has protected National Parks as it says in source C that the government has protected the rare areas of outstanding natural beauty to preserve and protect the future as these cannot be produced again. There are many companies who take advantage of Brazil’s cheap resources. The Brazilian government has employed people from the favelas to work for these companies so the profit does not go straight out of the companies. Evaluation of the sources used ! Source A is against development and it’s quite recent. It says it’s a Brazilian newspaper but we don’t know which one, we don’t know how many Amerindians there were in the beginning. It’s incomplete and it also tells us that the Multinational Companies (MNC’s) and the government are working together to move the people to the Amazon. Source C is about what is the government doing? This source is sustainable but it is inconsistence and has exaggerated the facts like when it says in the third paragraph â€Å"From 2001 to April 2002, it transferred 20 million hectares.† When the source was adapted from a Brazilian newspaper which we don’t know in March 2002. This shows that the dates were exaggerated because April 2002 had not come yet. Source E is against development and is reliable because it’s a broad sheet which is more reliable than tabloid. There are other reasons why is reliable that is it there has been an interview with the MNC’s, it’s got facts, its quite recent, it has got dates and it tells us the true corruption. Source F is against development. Although the first paragraph is reliable because of the via satellite which does not lie but the second paragraph we don’t know which scientific studies. Although this source is from the charity which most of the time charities exaggerate so that they get money and get known. But this source is reliable because they have done space research. Source G is for development because it’s showing that by letting the MNC’s deforest the rainforest their debt is getting lower. It is also reliable because it’s consistent with source J and we also know the newspaper. Source J is for development. The headline is exaggerated. It is very reliable because it’s consistent with source G but only the date is old. Source O is against development and it’s reliable because the source is adapted from the UN. This source is 5 years old. Source P is against development and it’s reliable because the source is from the UN. This source tells us that America is the largest polluter. This source is also 5 years old. Source R is against development. This source could be bias. This source shows us that the trees which provide oxygen are not there now, the clouds shows pollution and the person is getting bigger. Conclusion In my conclusion I agree with the hypothesis that only the Brazilian government can solve deforestation in the Amazon rainforest because they have started it and they are the one who can end it. One way they can make money without damaging or destroying the rainforest is by increasing their export so that their trade becomes surplus, that means that they export more than they import and by doing this they will get more money. There are two conflicts of interest in the rainforest. One is the groups that want to use the rainforest to make money. The other group of people wants to protect the rainforest and leave it as it is. In the middle are the people who live there. These people living in the forest want to preserve and use the resources from the forest to improve their standard of living. The solution to this is to manage the rainforest sustainable which is using the resources carefully like when cutting down the trees needed you shouldn’t destroy the surroundings with it. The Brazilian government can also charge more tax for every area the MNC’s deforest and also make them plant 3 more trees in that area. How to cite Deforestation in the Amazon rainforest, Papers Deforestation In The Amazon Rainforest Free Essays In this coursework I will be investigating deforestation and stating my opinion on whether I think it should continue or not in the Amazon Rainforest In doing so I will identify the various different values and attitudes. In this assignment I will include maps as well as diagrams, graphs, charts. The Earth is a constant changing system; a serious type of change that is being contributed by man, is deforestation. We will write a custom essay sample on Deforestation In The Amazon Rainforest or any similar topic only for you Order Now Deforestation is the clearing out of forests so that they can cultivated and used for other purposes. Due to this particular method of cultivating land it has resulted with vast areas of the Amazon rainforest being totally destroyed far beyond repair. Because of this scientists fear that many natural medicinal plants and vegetation may be lost permanently. Deforestation In The Amazon Rainforest Deforestation robs the world of countless species, destroying crucial Biodiversity and losing species with potential uses in medicine, agriculture and industry. Biodiversity is important because it contributes to resiliency in my opinion and should take precedence. The main worry for environmentalists such as my self is that many species are being lost as their habitats are being destroyed. In a rainforest, certain small areas are individual, specific habitats themselves. This means that if one small area of the rainforest is cleared, it could mean that a whole series of species are wiped out. The clearing of trees causes the roots anchoring the soil in the land to be destroyed, the removal of leaves and branches that intercept eight out of every ten raindrops lead to soil erosion. These devastating effects cause the land to become inhospitable and lead to the further cutting down of trees to provide new agricultural land. Nearly 40 percent of all the tropical rainforest left in the world is in the Brazilian Amazon. Brazil, the largest country in South America, has perhaps the best opportunity remaining to save large tracks of tropical rainforest. Although Brazil has lost approximately 58 percent of its frontier forests (large tracks of relatively undisturbed old growth forest), the country still has are over 772,200 square miles of frontier forest, among the largest amount of any country worldwide. Brazil is also home to a second, less famous rainforest, the Atlantic Rainforest. This strip of rainforest extends from the northeast coast down to the southern state of Parana. Formerly covering more than 386, 100 square miles, only 5 percent of the original Atlantic Rainforest remains. Many species that live here, including river otters, jaguars, and armadillos, are at high risk of extinction due to habitat loss caused by logging and agricultural clearing. The Amazon is one of the world’s great rainforests and its river, is longer than any river but the Nile. The vast Amazon basin covers more than two and a half million square miles, more than any other rainforest but for how long will this be the case? The Amazon rainforest is located in South America, where its area takes up a quarter of the content. The forest is so large it spans nine countries French Guyana, Brazil, Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. It has an extremely humid climate as do most rainforests due its equatorial location which means it rains frequently â€Å"The rain becomes trapped in canopy causing heat† Warm air caring water vapor will rise Warm air that falls here will become trapped in the canopy this will raise the temperature. The Amazon rainforest has many different species of plants and animals. For plant species there are between 5,000,000 and 30,000,000 (estimated). Only a little more than 30,000 have been classified and this represents 10% of all plants around the world. As for animal species there are about 324 mammals, and there are 2,500 to 3,000 species of fresh water fishes in the Amazon River. â€Å"Statistics in this paragraph were taken from: http://oz. plymouth. du/~lts/conservation/Ecosystems/amazon. html† Deforestation In The Amazon Rainforest The Correlation between Deforestation And Soil Erosion: Once trees are felled there are no leaves to protect the soil beneath, from heavy rainfall also there are no roots to hold the saturated soil in place. When this occurs it makes it extremely easy for soil to be washed or blown away. Then the area of land becomes useless because you can’t build on it because foundations won’t be stable enough and you can’t cultivate it â€Å"grow crops† because nutrients such as silt etc have been washed/blown away. Nobody benefits. Soil Loss In Tones Per Hectare Per Year. : Bare Soil : Pasture : Crop Land : Rain/Forest As you can see when a area of land is bare the soil erosion is at its highest and when it’s left alone as Rain/Forest it’s at its lowest the activity of deforestation obviously affects the rain forest but soil erosion is a perfect example of a more subtle affect, it not only damages the rainforest directly but also damages cultivating potential for the area and any future plans you may have for the site e. g. building etc Deforestation occurs in many forms most of the clearing is done for agricultural purposes grazing, planting crops, cattle ranches etc. Poor farmers place pressure on the Brazilian government and local authorities to allow them to cut down small areas of Rainforest (typically a few acres) and burn the tree trunks in a process called slash and burn. Slash and burn is the traditional method used by the American Indianans of the rainforest and they all ways replace the areas they damage. Although this method is the most sustainaiable it’s the most dangerous and one of the most abused. Desperate farmers will request an area of land to be cultivated and purposely let the fire grow beyond control so they will be able to claim a few acres extra, due to the fact the slash and burn method is never exact and the method is so finial. â€Å"Once it’s done its done† the government feels they are powerless. Intensive or modern agriculture occurs on a far greater scale, sometimes deforesting several square miles at a time. Large cattle pastures often replace rainforest to grow beef and such like for the world market, mostly for fast the food industry. McDonald’s etc. Commercial logging is another common form of deforestation, cutting trees for sale as timber or pulp. Logging can occur selectively-where only the economically valuable species of tree are cut, or by clearcutting, where all the trees are cut. Commercial logging uses heavy machinery, such as bulldozers, road graders, and log skidders, to remove cut trees and build roads, which is just as damaging to the rainforest overall as the chainsaws are to the individual trees. Deforestation In The Amazon Rainforest Deforestation by peasant farmers is often done to raise crops for self-subsistence, and is driven by the basic human need for food. Most tropical countries are very poor by U. S. standards, and farming is a basic way of life for a large part of the population. In Brazil, for example, the average annual earnings per person is U. S. $5400, compared to $26,980 per person in the United State The causes of deforestation are very complex. A competitive global economy drives the need for money in economically challenged tropical countries such as Brazil. Governments sell logging concessions to raise money for other vitial projects such as hospitials and schooling, to pay international debt, or to develop a more advanced industry infer structure. For example, Brazil had an international debt of $159 billion in 1995, on which it must make regular payments each year. The logging companies seek to exploit the rainforest and make a profit from the sales of pulp and valuable hardwoods such as mahogany. Brazil hasn’t got much to offer the world in material goods other than what resources it has in its Rainforest so their government feels that if they don’t continue to allow this clear and obvious exploitation of the rainforest they will fall behind in their payments and be unable to support their expanding population. I would describe Brazil as a middle income developing country I would place it in the same bracket as Mexico and Malaysia Its â€Å"GNP US $ PER CAPITA† is 3020 and it has a high infant mortality rate 57. One can only assume that a government would want to change these statistics and the easiest and quickest way for the brazilin government to get there hands on the money to do this is through the rainforest. Some other effects of deforestation are less rainfall so the cleared land becomes much drier possibly even a desert. More CO2 in the air this increases the greenhouse gasses causing global warming and climate change. Industry and power stations that have been built give off more C02 fewer trees to produce oxygen and absorb CO2. Fewer trees means less transpiration and this mean less water vapor in the air less water vapor in the air means less condensation overall. Many birds, insects, and animals rely upon the rainforest as a food source and for shelter. After deforestation they will either die or be forced to move away from there natural habitat when animals move some where else it will put a strain on other food chains and may even cause a mass extension. When the Rainforest is cleared peoples that lived there before are forced to leave and mix with the mainstream population this has had dire effects on them because when they mix with people outside the rainforest they develop illnesses that they had no immunity from there immune systems can’t cope with western illnesses â€Å"measles, influenza† Those who are brave enough to stick out and stay are soon driven out from their homes by the construction of roads mines and reservoirs. Many people who tri to resist developers are killed by developers. Trees absorb a tremendous amount of water if there are no trees the water will sink into the soil and change it to mud If it continues to rain many surrounding crops will be ruined because of flooding Humus Cycle In Area of Tropical Rainforest Rich Tree Growth Numerous Fallen Leaves Leaves Decay To for Humus Nutrients Added To Soil Humus Cycle In Area of Forest That’s Been Cleared Poor Quality Vegetation Fewer Trees And Leaves Less Humus Fewer Nutrients Added To Soil Less fertile Deforestation In The Amazon Rainforest People Living In Urban Areas In Brazil % In This Graph you can see that the number of people choosing to live in urban areas is increasing dramatically this is one of the reasons the Brazilian government continues to clear vast areas of rainforest. The cleared areas can be turned into residential areas to house more and more people. Statistics for this graph were taken from the Key Geography book Cleared Natural Forest In Order To Build Roads For Mining Access In This graph you can see that Brazil has by far the highest clearance for mining access. This is because the Brazilian government export masses of mined goods found in and around the rainforest such as gold, sliver, and iron ore. Statistics for this graph were taken fromWWW. GREENPEACE. COM Deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest Groups of people that support deforestation in the Amazon rainforest are the Logging and mining companies as well as the various governments. Multinational companies support deforestation because they are supplying for demand and a huge market, if people want mahogany furniture and rare gems/metals then they’ll go and clear entire forests in order to give it to them and make a huge profit in the process. These companies see developing countries as an easy target they can clear huge areas of forest and pay them a fraction of what they should do the ironic thing is they no they’ll be grateful for the money because they can barley support there expanding populations. As an outsider you would see these actions as inhuman and immoral but they do help the countries where deforestation is taking place a great deal. Many of these countries have nothing to offer other that holiday destinations so the only thing they can sell sad as it may seem is there heritage and Rainforest. When land has been cultivated through logging and mining the money will go to the government who will spend the money on its population in the form of a better education or hospitals and roads so the peoples of these countries are benefiting slightly but some people may say that its not worth it in the long term if they keep on then sooner or later there will no rainforests at all then the big companies will leave them with nothing. Places where there is a growing population in urban areas such as Brazil find them selves allowing big companies to destroy their rainforest in order for them to afford to destroy it them selves in processing large rainforest areas into residents for people to live in. Any one would love to earn something for nothing and that’s exactly how these companies view it they get these valuable materials for next too nothing and sell them on for extortionate prices. They see them selves as aiding the developing countries and in a way they are but what they are actually doing is feeding them with one hand and killing them with the other. There are many groups of people that do not support deforestation in the Amazon rainforest such as the natives that lived in the rainforest; they see developers not as savors and job makers but as ruthless exploiters that kill vast amounts of animals and wild life with no remorse. Other reasons both the natives and local people are so against the clearing of the rainforest are they don’t actually see any benefits in return the government often waste money on city expansion, national defense ,and economic aid which comes as a surprise since they can hardly feed them selves let alone any one else. When forest clearing was first introduced the main reason was to help them get out of debt but people who don’t agree with deforestation will say they never been in so much debt they were better of living in small villages before at least then they could feed themselves and lived a less complicated life. The amount of land with trees on it shrinks each year. It gets harder and harder to meet local and global demands for wood and is extremely stressful and for what? Some people have proposed that the solution to tropical deforestation is to set aside vast areas as parks and reserves. This may buy enough time to give local governments a chance to address the underlying causes of deforestation-poverty, growing populations, and misguided policies. And many people feel that setting aside tropical reserves will ensure that unused areas will continue to exist. They point out that many species can’t survive in managed (human-used) forests. Local people may say that the rainforest is one of the main reasons people come to visit them without that then they will lose a lot of revenue gained through tourists. People have not dwelt in large numbers throughout the tropical rain forests, but small groups of people live throughout the region. They constantly move around and clear small areas and plant crops. When they reach an area they want to use, they chop down trees and burn them in order to create a clear area. They then plant seeds in the ashes–but after a few years the soil nutrients become used up and it is no longer good for gardening, so they move somewhere else and start the process all over again. This process is called slash-and-burn cultivation, which can support a small population but will not work with larger ones. How to cite Deforestation In The Amazon Rainforest, Papers

Pier Delle Vigne and Guido Da Montefeltro free essay sample

Inferno: Pier delle Vigne and Guido da Montefeltro In his poem, Inferno, Dante Alighieri meets the damned souls in hell. His mentor, Virgil, a well-known poet and a good friend of Dante’s, guides him through out their journey of hell and encourages him to farther question those souls damned in hell. Virgil also explains the structure of hell, how it is divided into circles and each circle is the place where those guilty of certain sins are being punished. Through out the poem, the souls that Virgil and Dante encounter, all try to justify their sin and they indirectly ask for pity. Here is where Dante the poem leaves the decision up to the reader, whether or not the punishment fits the sinner and the sin and whether or not they deserve pity. Two characters that Virgil and Dante encounter are Pier delle Vigne and Guido da Montefeltro. Pier delle Vigne was a famous Chancellor of the Emperor Frederick II, he is in hell because he committed suicide after being accused of treason. Guido da Montefeltro, on the other hand, was an important military general, strategists, and a politician. Guido is in hell because he was found guilty of false counsel. We find Pier delle Vigne and Guido da Montefeltro in different locations, circles, of hell; Pier is in the second ring of the sixth circle of hell and Guido, on the contrary, is the eighth bolgia of the eighth circle of hell. The sixth circle of hell is where those guilty of violence are punished. Three rings constitute the sixth circle; each ring represents a different kind of violence, in the second ring we find all the souls that have committed suicide which is a form of violence against self, â€Å"The hell of the suicides is suicide itself repeated every moment of eternity† (Sinclair, notes Canto XIII). Farther below the sixth circle, we find the eighth circle of hell or the Malebolge. In the Malebolge the souls guilty of fraud are punished. The eighth circle consists of ten bolgias which represent the different kinds of fraud. Dante describes the Malebolge as a city of disintegration, it begins with cliff and a waterfall, and it is very stinky. Dante’s description of the Malebolge sort of portrays the image of a sewer system, â€Å"where all the human waste is dumped into which represents the reality of fraud† (Brand, Lecture XXVII). Canto Dante tells the different forms of fraud, one being false counsel where Guido is being punished. Even though both committed different sins and are punished in different ways, Pier delle Vigne and Guido da Montefeltro have things in common; both play the victim and try to justify their sin while in some obscure way they ask for pity. When Dante and Virgil arrive at the second ring of the sixth circle, Dante describes this â€Å"forest with twisted weird looking trees† (Brand, Lecture Canto XIII). These trees are the people who reside in that circle: As they were driven by their own folly to scatter their substance on earth, the furious hell-hounds now hunt them and waste scatter their members, and one of them groups himself with the shrub of a suicide as if to identify himself with the other’s crime. (Sinclair, notes Canto XIII). Dante and Virgil hear a voice but they do not see anyone there. Dante gets close to a tree and breaks on its branches; the tree starts bleeding and later identifies himself as Pier delle Vigne, a former Chancellor of Emperor Frederick II. Pier, then, tells Virgil and Dante the reason why he committed suicide was because envious groups turned the Emperor against him, destroyed his reputation, and put him in prison; he was tortured, and after loosing his good reputation and name he felt too ashamed and decided to take his life. Dante feels sorry for him, because he too understands the importance of a good reputation. When telling his story, Pier tries to justify his suicide by playing the victim, explaining the fact that he was innocent and that he did not do anything to hurt others. The reader can argue, regardless of what the envious group did to Pier, he still denied a gift from God, life. Once Virgil and Dante finished talking to Pier, they went ahead with their journey to later find themselves on the edge of a cliff with a waterfall. This cliff and waterfall are the transition between violence and the eighth circle, the circle of fraud, or also referred to as the Malebolge, â€Å"Malebolge is translated as an evil ditch or evil sewer† (Brand, Lecture Canto XXVII). Dante the poem describes the place as very stinky. Dante’s descriptions of the Malebolge are filled with symbolisms of fraud. The Malebolge is the sewer system of human society and it is â€Å"stinky because of all the sins and corruption humans are guilty of† (Brand, Lecture Canto XXVII), this represents the reality of fraud. Fraud is the corruption of human society, fraud is â€Å"stinky†, and it is also the â€Å"byproducts of humans† (Brand, Lecture Canto XXVII). In the Malebolge we find ten bolgias that represent the different kinds of fraud; each bolgia is worst than the previews one. In these bolgias is where find souls guilty of seduction, flattery, thieves, false counselors, to falsifiers, and alchemists. In the eighth bolgia, where those guilty of false counsel reside, Dante and Virgil meet Guido da Montefeltro. Guido was a very important military strategist and a politician. Guido fought for the interests of the empire, he was basically fighting against â€Å"the people’s army† (Brand, Lecture Canto XXVII), against the church, â€Å"He fought repeatedly as leader of the Ghibelline forces against the Papacy† (Sinclair, notes Canto XXVII). After a while, Guido felt guilty and not right to fight against the church; he reconciled to the church and became a Franciscan Friar. Pope Boniface asks Guido for military advice because he needed help recapturing fortresses form the army. At first, Guido was a little skeptical about giving the Pope advice. Pope Boniface knew that Guido felt extremely guilty about fighting against the church, so he used that on Guido. Pope told Guido that he will have eternal absolution, and Guido gave him advice. Guido’s tone is very resentful; he plays the victim, and uses the excuse that he was eaten up by guilt to justify his sin, â€Å"These evil counselors, thinking to lessen their guilt by sharing it, in fact add to their offence; ‘making division’ they ‘gather their load’†. Sinclair, notes Canto XXVII). The similarities and differences from both characters are easy to distinguish. Both Pier and Guido while telling their story, have a tone of resentfulness and guilt. They both try to justify their sin by blaming others and the situation they were in. Both characters fail to address the real truth about the reason why they committed a sin is pride. They sought that their reputation, their name, and pride were the most important thing to them, â€Å"In this plant one thing only of human remains alive and present, his memory on earth† (Sinclair, notes Canto XIII). The have their priorities wrong, â€Å"they live for the city of. men instead of living for heaven, for God† (Brand, Lecture), even while dead and in hell, they still focus their attention to the city of men and their reputation. Although both characters are prideful and some ways similar, the sins they committed are different. In the poem, Dante fells sorry specially for Pier delle Vigne, because Dante as a politician is too living for the city of men and shifted his attention away from God, and understand the importance of a good name and a good reputation. The reader can argue about whether or not both characters deserve pity or sympathy, which is ultimately what the characters beg for. Though both characters were pushed to the limit by others, one can argue that they do not deserve pity and that their punishment is just. Pier and Guido acted and made a rash decision because they intrigued by others, but they only themselves and their reputation in mind. They never analyzed the situation through and made an educated decision.